UK Digital Sovereignty – Supporting Data

The UK technology stack: all the underlying data

This page sets out everything behind our research on who owns the technology UK organisations run on: the companies in each layer, the figures taken from their UK accounts, where each number came from, what we could not establish, and the errors we found and corrected along the way.

1. Who is in each layer, and where they are owned

Of the 37 companies named above, 27 are ultimately US-owned, 5 British, 3 owned elsewhere and 2 European. These are the vendors UK organisations most commonly encounter in each layer — a representative selection based on recognised market position, not a ranked market-share table.

2. What each company books through its UK business

We obtained the statutory accounts that each company files at Companies House and read the turnover and revenue notes directly. The figures below are what each company books through its UK company. That is not the same as what British customers pay — see the entity structures immediately below.

Currencies as reported: Workday and CyberArk report in US dollars, the rest in sterling. Figures marked “k” are thousands, as presented in the accounts.

3. Why the same word means different things

The single most important finding is that “turnover” describes three completely different arrangements, and the figures are not comparable until you read the revenue note.

Trading — the company sells to customers

Real cost of sales, normal margins, revenue earned from third-party customers. Two say so explicitly: Salesforce’s accounts describe it as “a contracting party with third party customers in the UK”, and Civica’s state that “substantially all the Company’s revenue arises from trade within the United Kingdom”. Microsoft, Oracle, SAP, Infor and Unit4 confirm the revenue comes from customers rather than from within the group, but do not disclose how much of it is British.

Limited-risk — the UK arm is a service operation

No cost of sales at all, turnover less administrative expenses only, and thin margins of roughly 2–7%. Google UK, Databricks, Workday, HubSpot and Amazon Data Services all show this shape. Amazon Data Services UK books £944.9m running Amazon’s UK infrastructure at a 5.3% margin — real activity, but a service performed for the group rather than sales to customers.

From its parent — no customer revenue at all

Okta UK’s accounts state that it is “remunerated through cost-plus revenue” and that 100% of its turnover arose from the provision of services to Okta, Inc. Ping Identity’s accounting policy says the same: it “provides services to other Group entities on a cost-plus basis”. Neither books any UK customer revenue. Their figures measure the cost of running a British office, not a British business.

Half and half

Snowflake UK discloses the split precisely: £65,309,536 from third-party customers and £68,307,700 as a distribution fee from its parent. The customer half tripled in a year, from £20.6m — worth watching.

4. Two companies that do disclose their UK share

Most accounts do not break turnover down by country. Two do, and both are revealing.

• Cyber-Ark Software (UK) reports total turnover of $293.1m, of which only $56.1m is United Kingdom business and $207.0m is Europe. The UK company is an EMEA hub selling into the continent — the reverse of the pattern elsewhere.
• Infor (United Kingdom) reports total turnover of £144.3m, of which £111.2m is UK.

This matters for reading every other figure on this page: a UK company can be a regional hub, so turnover booked in Britain is not automatically British business.

5. And Amazon Web Services, which has no UK company

There is no UK contracting entity for AWS. Amazon publishes contracting parties for thirteen countries including Australia, Brazil, Canada, India, Japan and Singapore; the UK is not among them. British customers contract with Amazon Web Services EMEA SARL, registered in Luxembourg, which has sold AWS services across Europe, the Middle East and Africa since 1 July 2018. There is a UK branch, but Amazon’s own terms state that such branches are “not subsidiaries” and are “the same legal entity” as the Luxembourg headquarters.

6. How we did it

• We identified each company’s UK entity and pulled its most recent statutory accounts directly from the Companies House register.
• Companies House accounts are filed as scanned images, so the figures cannot be extracted automatically. Every number on this page was read from the filed document by eye.
• For each company we recorded turnover and the prior year, the shape of the profit and loss account, the revenue note, and any geographic breakdown.
• Ownership was established by ultimate control — who ends up owning the company — rather than where its head office sits. Where a company is held through a chain of holding companies, we followed the chain to the top.

7. What this data cannot tell you

• It is not market share. Turnover booked through a UK company reflects corporate structure and tax arrangements as much as commercial success.
• Most companies do not disclose their UK share. Only CyberArk and Infor break turnover down by country, so for the others we cannot say how much is British.
• Currencies differ. Workday and CyberArk report in US dollars; we have not converted them, because a conversion would imply a precision the accounts do not support.
• Ownership changes fast. CyberArk’s ownership went out of date within five months. Every ownership statement here carries the date we verified it.
• Company accounts are historic. Year ends here range from December 2024 to December 2025.

8. Sources

• Statutory accounts filed at Companies House for each of the 17 companies listed, obtained via the Companies House public register.
• Arm Holdings plc, Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended 31 March 2026.
• Palo Alto Networks, Inc., Form 8-K and accompanying press release, 11 February 2026.
• Amazon Web Services, Contracting Party FAQs and Europe FAQs, published by AWS.
• Ofcom, the Payment Systems Regulator, Open Banking Ltd, StatCounter and Crown Commercial Services procurement data, used to establish which vendors UK organisations actually use.

Last updated 21 July 2026. We refresh this research as new accounts are filed; the next substantial update is due after the autumn 2026 filing deadline, when twelve of these companies will have published newer figures.